El aburrimiento como fenómeno complejo: Una revisión interdisciplinaria desde una aproximación cognitiva, afectiva, neurobiológica y social
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https://doi.org/10.53877/rc10.21-608Palabras clave:
aburrimiento, emoción, neurociencia, cognición, identidad culturalResumen
Numerosas investigaciones sobre el aburrimiento han situado aspectos relevantes de su fundamentación teórica. Sin embargo, la evidencia disponible presenta limitaciones para consensuar una definición, separarla de sus correlatos, explicar las conductas contradictorias que promueve e integrar sus múltiples facetas. Mediante una revisión no experimental, documental, cualitativa, de tipo descriptiva–analítica, con alcances exploratorios y descriptivos, se sintetizaron diversas investigaciones sobre el aburrimiento articulando perspectivas cognitivas, afectivas, funcionales, neurobiológicas y socioculturales; inicialmente abordado de modo dicotómico, el campo aún enfrenta desafíos para pensarlo como estado y rasgo. Los enfoques cognitivos, afectivos y funcionales lo describen como un estado aversivo marcado por desajuste atencional, pérdida de sentido y agencia, y evaluaciones de bajo control y valor, que actúa como señal para el cambio. Los hallazgos neurobiológicos muestran la implicación de la corteza prefrontal y de la red neuronal por defecto, confirmando su rol de señal. Las experiencias pasadas y las emociones se combinan y crean marcadores somáticos que regulan diversas funciones fisiológicas. El marcador somático incluye también la cultura, en tanto la experiencia que la persona tiene interactuando con su entorno, e influye para evaluar y responder a una situación. El análisis conjunto de estas perspectivas evidencia la necesidad de abordajes interdisciplinarios que reconozcan la complejidad del fenómeno e integren interdisciplinariamente, la dinámica entre recursos subjetivos y contexto.
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